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Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean
Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the
Amou Prefecture in Togo
| Anani Ogou1 6*, Essowè Palaï2
, Komi Agboka3
, Asafor Henry Chotangui4
, Honoré Beyegué-Djonko5
, Koffi Kokou
Zovodu6
, Christopher Mubeteneh Tankou7
Abstract
Background: Family farming remains an important source of food and income for households in rural settings.
Aim: To improve knowledge on family farming systems and the contribution of fonio and common bean production, the neglected
crops, to household food security and resilience in the Amou prefecture in Togo.
Setting: Semi-structured survey in eight villages in the Amou prefecture in Togo.
Methods: 215 farming households were surveyed from October to November 2024. The food security level of households was
measured using the "food consumption" and "dietary diversity" scores within the community. Data collected were analyzed using
STATA15 software.
Results: The results showed that the areas farmed by producers are small for fonio and common beans, less than 0.25 ha per
household. Four Family farming systems have been categorized. 78.60% of households have an acceptable food consumption,
thanks to the nutritional importance of fonio and common bean in the daily food consumption of the population in the area. Fonio
and common bean are more consumed during the food shortage period within a year, providing resilience for 92% of the
community.
Conclusion: The study showed that fonio and common bean play a key role in food security and resilience of rural households in
Amou Prefecture, even though the areas farmed are very small.
Contribution: The study recommended to take into account fonio and common bean value chains in the national agrifood policies,
as they have high nutritional and medicinal values that could contribute significantly to improving food and nutrition security and
resilience.
KEYWORDS: Fonio, common bean, family farming, resilience, food security, Togo.
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A Review on Advancing Technologies in Precision Agriculture:
Applications, Challenges, and the Way Forward
| Okurwoth V. Ocamaa, Yves-Christophane N. Medagbea, Sarah Akello, Witesyavwirwa
V. Kambaled, Tasho Tashevc, Kyandoghere Kyamakyad, Selain K. Kaserekaa,c,e,
Abstract
Whereas the global population is expanding, there is a need to increase agricultural production to meet the demands of the
current generation without compromising on conserving the environment. Smart agriculture presents an opportunity as an advanced
technique that uses cutting-edge technology and data analysis to address such challenges. The integration of these technologies in
farming has increased crop yields and boosted production. This review delves into emerging agricultural technologies including
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things, Cloud computing, Big data and Blockchain technology among others. The paper
focuses on their applications in the agrarian industry. Multiple reviews of articles highlighted state-of-the-art innovations like
precision fertilization, automated irrigation, real-time crop monitoring systems, and disease detection systems. As farmers are
encouraged to embrace these technologies, limiting factors like costs, data, and privacy concerns need to be clearly articulated.
Therefore, future directions for the full adoption of these cutting-edge technologies are highly recommended KEYWORDS: Smart Agriculture, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), Precision Agriculture, Big data, Cloud computing, and
Blockchain technology
Keywords: Cameroon, Climate smart Agriculture, Passive and Active strategies, Small-scale farmers
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Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures in the Agriculture
Sector in Togo: A Review
| Anani Ogou1* , Christopher M. Tankou1 , Asafor Henry Cho-tangui1 , Honoré Beyegue-Djonko1
,
Hakim Hashim Sadik1,2 , Komi Agboka
Abstract
Climate change is posing significant challenges in the world and is severely impacting economies, food security,
and livelihoods of vulnerable countries, including Togo. Our work aimed to review climate change adaptation and
mitigation measures in Togo's agricultural sector. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses approach was used to retain Twenty-seven articles in this review. Results showed that climate risks that
are severely impacting negatively the agriculture sector in Togo are droughts, floods, coastal erosion, and strong
winds. At the strategic level, the climate change adaptation and mitigation measures have been taken into
consideration in the National Adaptation Plans, and Nationally Determined Contribution. At operational level,
adaptation measures in farming systems include, crop diversification, changing planting dates, adopting short-cycle
varieties, access to credit, extension services, education, and off-farm job opportunities; While mitigation measures
were, soil fertility management techniques, organic fertilizer application, crop rotation, intercropping, and cover
cropping which at the same time can optimize carbon sequestration efficiency and improve soil health. Fishermen
adapt through economic diversification, changing fishing grounds, and adjusting fishing times. Even though little
research is conducted on climate change mitigation technologies, some mitigation measures have been reported in
the coastal region of Togo, including mangrove restoration, building green infrastructures using appropriate tree
species planting along the coastal region. In the livestock sector, methane mitigation includes improved feed
quality, dietary lipids, concentrate feeds for ruminants, and animal excrements management. However, few studies
have been carried out on adaptation and mitigation technologies in livestock systems. The level of adoption of
climate-smart agriculture is still low, given the low level of mobilization of climate-related financial resources at
the national level. Togo still needs to make enormous efforts to provide better support to small-scale producers to
ensure wider adoption of climate-smart technologies in the agricultural sector in Togo.
Keywords: Climate risks, Adaptation, Mitigation, Farming systems, Climate-smart agriculture, and Togo.
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Climate smart agriculture through passive and active strategies to counter climate-change and
Variation in order to boost small-scale farming systems in Cameroon | Corresponding author: cmtankou@yahoo.com
Abstract
Serious threats from climate change and variability on the agricultural sector throughout the world are eminent.
The resources needed to combat the negative effects of climate change are wanting in Cameroon and other Sub-
Saharan Africa (SSA) nations due to their lower capacity to adapt to the climate change and variation and high
dependence on rain-fed agriculture. There exist varied passive and active approaches that can be easily handled
by small-scale farmers in Cameroon and other nations in SSA to boost the agricultural sector. Applied Agricultur-
al Climatology and Meteorology knowledge are favourable tools for passive interventions while transformational
agricultural practices such as agroforestry are favourable active Climate Smart Agriculture strategies to counter
climate change and variation in order to boost small-scale farming systems.
Keywords: Cameroon, Climate smart Agriculture, Passive and Active strategies, Small-scale farmers
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